GitHub Beginner Guide Your Start

Kicking off with GitHub beginner guide, this guide provides a clear and concise introduction to the platform, essential for anyone new to software development or collaborative projects. We’ll cover everything from setting up your account to mastering basic Git commands, and exploring advanced concepts like branches and pull requests. Learn how to collaborate effectively and manage projects seamlessly using GitHub.

This comprehensive guide walks you through the core functionalities of GitHub, from the foundational elements of Git to the practical aspects of managing repositories and collaborating with others. You’ll gain a solid understanding of version control, repository structure, and how to use GitHub for effective teamwork.

Introduction to GitHub

GitHub is a web-based platform that serves as a central repository for software development projects. It’s essentially a social coding platform that facilitates collaboration, version control, and project management for developers. Think of it as a digital toolbox where teams can store, share, and manage code effectively.GitHub’s primary function is to streamline the software development process. It allows developers to track changes in their code over time, manage contributions from multiple team members, and resolve conflicts efficiently.

This crucial aspect of modern software development is instrumental in creating high-quality and reliable software products.

Key Features for Beginners

GitHub provides a range of features that are beneficial for both individual contributors and collaborative teams. These tools make managing projects easier and more organized. Understanding these features will greatly improve your experience with the platform.

• Version Control: GitHub’s version control system, Git, allows developers to track changes to their code over time. This is crucial for managing different versions of a project and reverting to previous states if necessary. This prevents losing work and makes collaboration easier.
• Code Hosting: GitHub stores the code of a project in a repository, providing a safe and accessible place for developers to save and retrieve their work. This eliminates the need for complex file management systems.
• Collaboration Tools: GitHub facilitates collaboration by allowing multiple users to work on the same project simultaneously. Features like pull requests enable code reviews and discussions, ensuring that everyone is on the same page. This collaborative environment makes software development more productive.
• Issue Tracking: GitHub allows teams to track bugs, feature requests, and other issues related to a project. This feature facilitates communication and problem-solving among team members, making sure everyone is aware of the tasks and problems.

Benefits of Using GitHub for Collaborative Projects, GitHub beginner guide

Using GitHub for collaborative projects offers numerous advantages. Its features promote transparency, communication, and efficiency in the development process.

• Improved Communication: GitHub facilitates clear communication among team members. Features like comments on code and discussions help resolve issues and clarify concerns in a centralized location. This reduces misunderstandings and improves overall team coordination.
• Enhanced Code Reviews: GitHub’s pull request system allows for comprehensive code reviews. This process helps identify potential errors and improve code quality. Developers can provide feedback and suggestions, fostering a culture of continuous improvement.
• Streamlined Project Management: GitHub’s issue tracking system helps manage tasks and project milestones. This helps in project planning and tracking progress, making sure that projects stay on schedule and on budget.
• Version Control & Backup: Git’s version control capabilities ensure that the project’s history is preserved, enabling recovery from errors and ensuring that everyone has access to the latest version of the project.

Setting Up a GitHub Account

This section details the straightforward process for creating a GitHub account.

1. Visit the GitHub Website: Open your web browser and navigate to github.com.
2. Click “Sign Up”: Locate the “Sign Up” button and click on it.
3. Enter Your Information: Provide the requested information, including your username, email address, and password. Choose a strong password for enhanced security.
4. Verify Your Email: GitHub will send a verification email to the address you provided. Click on the verification link to confirm your account.
5. Explore the Platform: Familiarize yourself with the GitHub interface and explore the different features available. This will give you a better understanding of how to use the platform effectively.

Basic Git Commands

Git is a powerful system for tracking changes to files, making it essential for collaborative projects and individual development. Understanding fundamental Git commands empowers you to manage your code effectively, ensuring a smooth workflow and minimizing errors. These commands form the backbone of any Git-based project.

Fundamental Git Commands

These commands are the core tools for interacting with a Git repository. They are used for initializing, staging, committing, and managing changes to your project files.

• `git init`: This command creates a new Git repository in the specified directory. It initializes the tracking of changes within that directory, preparing it for version control. Without this step, your project isn’t managed by Git. For instance, if you want to keep track of the evolution of a new Python project, you’d run `git init my-project` in the project’s root directory.

• `git add`: This command stages changes to files for inclusion in the next commit. Staging is a crucial step, marking files ready for recording in the repository’s history. If you modify a file (e.g., `README.md`), `git add README.md` prepares it for the next commit.
• `git commit`: This command saves the staged changes to the repository’s history. It creates a snapshot of your project at a particular point in time, along with a message explaining the changes made. The message serves as a log for future reference. For example, `git commit -m “Added initial README”` saves the staged `README.md` file to the repository history, noting the addition of the file.

• `git status`: This command displays the current state of the repository. It shows which files have been modified, added, or removed, allowing you to quickly assess the changes before committing them. It’s vital for tracking the project’s progress. Using `git status` reveals the status of the files and directories in your project. This allows you to understand which files have been modified, added, or deleted, providing a snapshot of the current state of the project.

• `git log`: This command displays the commit history of the repository. It’s essential for reviewing previous changes, understanding the evolution of the project, and identifying the origins of specific code modifications. This command provides a complete history of all commits made to the repository, allowing you to understand how the project has evolved over time. It is essential for debugging, identifying issues, and collaborating on the project.

Significance of Version Control with Git

Version control systems, like Git, are crucial for managing code and other project files. They provide a history of changes, allowing you to revert to previous versions if needed, and facilitate collaboration among multiple developers. This capability minimizes errors, allows for easier tracking of contributions, and enhances the overall robustness of the development process. For instance, a team working on a software application can use Git to track changes to the codebase, allowing individual developers to contribute and merge their work without losing track of prior efforts.

Command Usage Table

The following table demonstrates the usage of these fundamental Git commands.

Comparison with Other Version Control Systems

Git, while powerful, isn’t the only version control system available. Other systems, such as SVN, have different strengths and weaknesses. Git excels in distributed, branching, and merging capabilities. SVN, on the other hand, is simpler for linear development workflows. The choice depends on the project’s specific needs and the team’s familiarity with different systems.

Creating and Managing Repositories

Creating a repository on GitHub is a fundamental step in version control and collaboration. It’s where you store your project’s code, allowing you to track changes, collaborate with others, and easily revert to previous versions if needed. A well-structured repository enhances clarity and maintainability, making it easier to understand and modify the project over time.Managing your repository effectively involves understanding how to add files, organize the project’s structure, and handle file/folder renaming.

These practices contribute to a more organized and maintainable codebase.

Creating a New Repository

To initiate a new repository, navigate to the GitHub website and click on the “+” button, then “New repository.” A form will appear where you can specify the repository name, description, and whether to initialize it with a README file. A clear and concise name is essential for easy identification. A comprehensive description helps others understand the project’s purpose and content.

Adding Files to a Repository

Once your repository is created, you can add files by using Git commands. This involves staging the changes, committing them, and pushing them to the remote repository on GitHub. The `git add` command stages changes, `git commit` saves the changes with a descriptive message, and `git push` uploads the changes to the remote repository. This workflow ensures a record of all modifications made to the project.

Project Repository Structure

A well-organized project repository significantly improves maintainability. A logical structure ensures that files and folders are placed in appropriate locations. For instance, a project with multiple features should have separate folders for each feature.

• The root directory should contain the project’s main files and directories. This includes the `README.md` file, which is crucial for providing a quick overview and instructions on how to use the project.
• Separate folders should be created for different functionalities or modules within the project. This allows for better organization and easier navigation. Subfolders should be structured hierarchically to reflect the project’s logical organization.
• Consistent naming conventions for files and folders are important for maintainability and readability. Using a consistent style guide for naming files and folders improves understanding and reduces errors.

Renaming Files and Folders

Renaming files or folders within a repository is a straightforward process. It involves making the changes locally, staging them, committing them, and pushing them to the remote repository. Use the `mv` command (or equivalent) in your terminal to rename files or folders.

Repository Structure Details

The repository structure reflects the project’s organization. A typical structure includes a `README.md` file, describing the project, and different folders for distinct functionalities. This clear structure facilitates navigation, comprehension, and collaboration within the project.

Understanding Branches: GitHub Beginner Guide

Branches in Git are like separate paths on a project’s timeline. They allow multiple developers to work on different features or bug fixes concurrently without interfering with each other’s work. This parallel development significantly speeds up the software development process, making it more efficient and less prone to conflicts when changes are integrated.

Purpose of Branches

Branches in Git are fundamental for facilitating parallel development. They enable independent work on features, bug fixes, or experiments without affecting the main codebase. This allows teams to work simultaneously on different aspects of a project, improving efficiency and reducing the risk of introducing errors into the live code.

Facilitating Parallel Development

Branches are crucial for parallel development. They enable different teams or individuals to work on new features, bug fixes, or experiments without impacting the stability of the main codebase. This approach significantly improves the overall development process by reducing conflicts and improving efficiency. Imagine several artists working on different sections of a mural; branches allow them to complete their parts independently, merging them later to create the final piece.

Branching and Merging Workflow

Creating and merging branches involves a structured workflow. First, a developer creates a new branch from the main branch (often called “main” or “master”). This new branch contains the current state of the project. Then, they work on the branch, making changes and committing them to that branch. Once their work is complete, they merge their branch back into the main branch, incorporating their changes.

The process is iterative and repeated as needed.

Resolving Branch Conflicts

Conflicts occur when multiple developers modify the same lines of code in a branch. Git detects these conflicts and highlights the conflicting sections. Developers must manually resolve these conflicts by editing the files and ensuring the changes from all branches are integrated correctly. This step requires careful attention to detail to avoid errors and ensure the integrity of the code.

Visual Representation of Branching and Merging

Imagine a branching diagram as a tree. The trunk represents the main branch (e.g., “main”). Branches extend out from the trunk, representing different features or tasks. Each branch can have its own development timeline. When a branch is complete, it is merged back into the main branch, integrating the changes.

Conflicts, if any, are resolved, and the main branch evolves with the combined changes from various branches.

A visual representation would show a trunk (main branch). Branches (e.g., “feature-x”, “bugfix-y”) branch off from the trunk. The branches extend downwards, representing the development work on those specific features. When the work on a branch is complete, a merge is performed, incorporating the changes into the main branch. If conflicts arise during merging, they are indicated on the diagram with specific sections highlighting the conflicts that need resolution.

Working with Issues and Pull Requests

GitHub issues and pull requests are fundamental tools for collaborative software development. Issues track bugs, feature requests, and other tasks, facilitating communication and project management. Pull requests, on the other hand, allow developers to propose changes to the project’s codebase, enabling peer review and ensuring code quality before integration. Mastering these tools significantly improves the workflow and overall project health.Effective use of issues and pull requests fosters a transparent and organized development process.

This structured approach minimizes misunderstandings, ensures quality control, and ultimately contributes to a successful project outcome.

Using GitHub Issues

GitHub issues are a central hub for managing tasks and communication related to a project. They are used to track bugs, suggest new features, discuss potential improvements, and log other project-related items. By utilizing a well-defined issue tracking system, teams can effectively manage their workload and stay on top of project progress.

• Creating Issues: Issues are created by adding details like a descriptive title, a concise description of the problem or request, and optionally, labels and assignees to manage the issue’s priority and ownership.
• Managing Issues: Issues can be assigned to specific team members, labeled with relevant s, and updated with progress reports. This allows for efficient tracking and resolution of issues. The issue’s status can be changed as it moves through the development lifecycle, from open to in progress, resolved, or closed.
• Utilizing Labels and Milestones: Labels categorize issues based on type (bug, feature request, documentation) or priority (high, medium, low). Milestones provide a framework for grouping issues within a specific timeframe. This helps in organizing issues and tracking progress towards project goals.

Understanding Pull Requests

Pull requests (PRs) are mechanisms for proposing changes to a project’s codebase. They allow developers to suggest code modifications, receive feedback from peers, and ensure code quality before merging into the main codebase. This process ensures that code changes are well-reviewed and integrated safely, minimizing risks and errors.

• Creating a Pull Request: A pull request is initiated by creating a branch from the main branch, implementing the desired changes, and then creating a pull request to merge the branch back into the main branch. This process involves carefully documenting the changes made and providing context for the modifications.
• Review Process: The pull request triggers a review process where other developers can examine the code changes, suggest improvements, and identify potential issues. This peer review helps in catching errors early and ensuring the quality of the integrated code.
• Addressing Feedback: Developers are expected to respond to feedback from reviewers and make necessary adjustments to the code. This iterative process ensures that the code meets the project’s standards and expectations. A well-maintained review process minimizes integration issues and maintains the project’s overall quality.

Managing Issues and Pull Requests Effectively

Effective management of issues and pull requests relies on clear communication, established workflows, and a shared understanding of the project’s goals. This approach ensures that everyone involved is aware of the tasks, progress, and the overall project direction.

• Establish a Consistent Workflow: Teams should define clear guidelines for creating, assigning, and resolving issues, and for initiating, reviewing, and merging pull requests. A consistent workflow ensures that the process is well-understood by all team members.
• Regular Communication: Regular communication among team members regarding issues and pull requests is crucial for efficient problem-solving and collaboration. This includes providing updates on progress, seeking clarifications, and discussing potential solutions.
• Prioritization and Organization: Prioritizing issues based on their impact and urgency, and organizing pull requests logically, contribute to a smooth workflow and ensure that the most critical tasks are addressed first.

Collaborating with Others

Working on projects with others on GitHub is a powerful way to learn, share knowledge, and build better software. This section explores how to effectively collaborate with teammates within a repository, focusing on best practices for seamless teamwork.Collaboration on GitHub involves more than just sharing code. It includes clear communication, efficient workflows, and respecting others’ contributions. Understanding how to invite collaborators, manage access levels, and communicate effectively are crucial for successful teamwork.

Inviting Collaborators

To invite someone to contribute to your repository, navigate to the repository settings and locate the “Collaborators” section. You can add individuals by typing their GitHub username. Once added, they’ll receive an email invitation to join the project. This method allows for efficient and straightforward addition of team members to the project.

Granting Access Levels

GitHub offers different access levels for collaborators, ensuring fine-grained control over who can do what within the repository. These levels are crucial for managing project security and access.

• Read: Collaborators with read access can view the code, issues, and pull requests, but cannot make any changes. This is suitable for individuals who need to stay updated on the project’s progress without needing editing capabilities.
• Write: Collaborators with write access can push code, create issues, and participate in pull requests. This is the most common level for active contributors to a project.
• Admin: Administrators have full control over the repository. They can manage collaborators, change repository settings, and perform other administrative tasks. This is essential for project owners and leads who require complete authority over the project.

Best Practices for Collaboration

Effective collaboration on GitHub is built on clear communication and a shared understanding of project goals. These best practices promote smoother workflows and minimize conflicts.

• Establish clear communication channels: Use the built-in GitHub features like comments on issues and pull requests to keep discussions focused and organized. Using dedicated communication channels, such as Slack or Discord, in conjunction with GitHub helps maintain focus on the project.
• Maintain consistent code style: Establish coding standards and style guides early on. Using tools like linters and formatters help ensure a consistent codebase. This minimizes confusion and makes the codebase more maintainable.
• Review pull requests thoroughly: Code reviews are crucial for identifying potential issues, improving code quality, and sharing knowledge among team members. Detailed and constructive feedback helps improve code quality and understanding within the team.
• Be responsive to feedback: Be proactive in addressing feedback from collaborators and promptly respond to comments on issues and pull requests. This creates a culture of mutual respect and continuous improvement.
• Utilize issue tracking effectively: Create clear and concise issue descriptions, assigning them to relevant team members. Use labels and milestones to categorize and track progress.

Examples of Effective Communication Strategies

Effective communication within a GitHub repository is vital for smooth collaboration.

• Providing clear explanations: When requesting help or explaining code changes, ensure your explanations are comprehensive and well-structured. This helps other team members quickly understand the context.
• Using specific and actionable comments: Instead of generic feedback, provide specific suggestions on how to improve the code. This encourages more meaningful interaction and accelerates the development process.
• Respectful dialogue: Engage in discussions with a constructive attitude, even when differing opinions arise. Maintaining a respectful tone fosters a positive collaborative environment.

Best Practices for Collaborative Coding

Following these practices will foster a collaborative environment that enhances code quality and reduces conflicts.

1. Regular code reviews: This helps catch bugs early and ensure consistent code quality.
2. Branching strategy: Utilizing a consistent branching model, like Gitflow, promotes modular development and prevents conflicts.
3. Code style guidelines: Enforcing consistent code style improves readability and maintainability.
4. Clear commit messages: Use descriptive commit messages to explain changes, making the codebase easy to follow.
5. Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD): This automates the build and deployment process, helping to catch errors early.

Setting up a Local Development Environment

Setting up a local Git environment is crucial for effective version control and collaboration. It allows you to work on your projects independently, experiment with changes, and commit code without directly impacting the remote repository on GitHub. This local setup is also invaluable for testing and debugging, offering a controlled environment to refine your codebase.

Essential Tools

A local Git environment necessitates specific tools. These tools enable you to manage your projects efficiently and effectively.

• Git: The fundamental tool for managing code versions. It handles tracking changes, staging, and committing. This command-line tool is essential for all Git operations.
• A text editor: Choose a text editor like VS Code, Sublime Text, Atom, or even a simple command-line editor like Vim. This is used for writing and editing your code files.
• A terminal/command-line interface (CLI): The terminal allows interaction with Git commands. It’s a crucial component for managing your local repository.

Setting Up the Environment

The setup process involves installing Git and configuring your local environment.

1. Install Git: Download and install the Git software from the official website. The installation process typically involves following on-screen instructions and accepting default settings. After installation, verify the installation by opening a terminal and typing `git –version`. This command displays the Git version, confirming the installation.
2. Configure Git: Once Git is installed, configure your user name and email address using the following commands in your terminal:

   git config --global user.name "Your Name"
   git config --global user.email "your.email@example.com"
   	

   These configurations are crucial for tracking your commits properly. Using `–global` ensures these settings apply to all your Git repositories.

3. Create a Local Repository: Initialize a new directory for your project. Navigate to this directory in your terminal and use the command `git init`. This creates a hidden `.git` directory within the project folder, the heart of your local repository.

Connecting to GitHub

Once your local repository is set up, you can connect it to your GitHub repository.

1. Create a Remote Repository on GitHub: If you don’t have a repository on GitHub, create one using the GitHub interface.
2. Add the Remote: In your terminal, use the command `git remote add origin `. Replace `` with the actual URL of your repository. This links your local repository to the remote one on GitHub.
3. Push Changes: When you’ve made changes to your local repository, use the command `git push -u origin main` (or `master` if you’re using that branch) to upload your commits to the remote repository. This command initializes the connection between your local repository and the remote repository on GitHub. The `-u` flag is important; it sets up the connection so subsequent pushes don’t need the `-u` flag.

Benefits of a Local Setup

A local development environment offers numerous advantages.

• Offline Work: You can work on your project even without an internet connection.
• Experimentation: You can try out different code changes without immediately affecting the live repository.
• Testing and Debugging: A local environment simplifies testing and debugging code.
• Isolation: Your local repository is isolated from other collaborators’ work, preventing conflicts.

Resources for Further Learning

Expanding your GitHub knowledge beyond this guide is crucial for effective use and collaboration. This section provides valuable resources for continued learning, including tutorials, documentation, online communities, and platforms for enhanced skill development. Learning Git and GitHub is an iterative process; these resources will aid you in mastering these powerful tools.

Helpful Tutorials and Documentation

This section lists comprehensive resources for in-depth learning. These tutorials provide practical examples and step-by-step instructions, enabling a more thorough understanding of core concepts.

• GitHub’s own documentation offers detailed explanations of various GitHub features, including repositories, branches, pull requests, and more. This documentation is often updated with the latest features and changes, making it a reliable source of information.
• Online platforms like freeCodeCamp and Codecademy offer structured courses and tutorials covering Git and GitHub. These courses often combine theoretical explanations with hands-on exercises to solidify your understanding.
• YouTube channels dedicated to programming and software development often host tutorials on Git and GitHub. These tutorials are generally accessible and offer visual demonstrations, making them valuable for visual learners.

Online Communities for Support and Discussion

Active online communities provide valuable opportunities for asking questions, sharing knowledge, and receiving feedback from experienced users.

• Stack Overflow is a renowned platform for seeking solutions to programming problems, including those related to Git and GitHub. Experienced developers and community members actively contribute to answering questions and providing support.
• GitHub’s own community forums and discussion boards offer dedicated spaces for users to ask questions, share experiences, and connect with other developers.
• Reddit communities focused on programming and software development, such as r/learnprogramming, frequently host discussions about Git and GitHub. These communities can provide support and insights from a broad range of users.

Relevant GitHub Guides and Articles

Numerous guides and articles offer comprehensive insights into specific GitHub functionalities and best practices.

• GitHub’s blog often publishes articles on new features, best practices, and tips for using GitHub effectively. These articles are often written by experienced GitHub contributors.
• Numerous websites and blogs dedicated to software development offer articles and guides on Git and GitHub. These resources cover a wide range of topics, from basic commands to advanced concepts.

Popular Platforms for Learning Git and GitHub

These platforms provide structured learning environments, facilitating hands-on experience and practical application of knowledge.

• Platforms like Udemy and Coursera often offer courses on Git and GitHub, providing a comprehensive learning experience. These platforms often offer various levels of instruction, from beginner to advanced.
• Many bootcamps and online learning platforms offer Git and GitHub courses as part of their broader curriculum. These courses frequently include practical projects and exercises.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

This section addresses common questions about GitHub’s fundamental concepts.

Practical Examples and Use Cases

GitHub is more than just a code repository; it’s a powerful platform for managing and collaborating on projects of all sizes. From small personal projects to large-scale open-source endeavors, GitHub provides a structured environment for version control, collaboration, and issue tracking. Understanding how various projects utilize these features offers valuable insights into the platform’s versatility.

Real-world projects, whether personal or professional, often benefit from the features provided by GitHub. The platform’s robust version control system allows for tracking changes, reverting to previous states, and managing multiple development branches. This predictability and organization reduce errors and increase efficiency.

Real-World Project Examples

GitHub empowers diverse projects, from personal learning endeavors to large-scale software development. A developer learning a new programming language might use GitHub to host their code, track progress, and receive feedback. A small business might use GitHub to manage the codebase for their website or application, facilitating collaboration and version control.

Open-Source Projects on GitHub

GitHub hosts a vast array of open-source projects. These projects leverage GitHub’s features to foster collaboration and community involvement. The Linux kernel, a foundational component of many operating systems, is a prime example. Its development relies heavily on GitHub’s branching, pull request, and issue tracking mechanisms to manage contributions from a global community of developers. Numerous other open-source projects, such as Node.js, Python, and React, demonstrate the platform’s importance in the open-source landscape.

Managing a Small Project on GitHub

This section details a practical guide for managing a small project on GitHub.

• Project Initiation: Start by creating a new repository on GitHub. Choose a clear and descriptive repository name. Include a README file that Artikels the project’s purpose, instructions for use, and any important information.
• Coding and Committing: Develop the project locally. Use Git commands to track changes and create commits. Each commit should be focused on a specific task or feature. Provide meaningful commit messages to aid in understanding the changes.
• Branching for Development: Create separate branches for different features or bug fixes. Develop on these branches to avoid disrupting the main codebase. When ready, merge your changes back to the main branch via pull requests.
• Collaboration (if applicable): If working with others, use pull requests to propose changes and receive feedback. Address comments and suggestions, ensuring all contributions align with the project’s goals. Discuss issues raised and resolve conflicts through collaboration.
• Issue Tracking: Use GitHub issues to report bugs, request new features, or discuss project-related topics. This facilitates communication and ensures issues are addressed systematically.

Illustrative Example: A Simple To-Do List Application

Imagine building a simple to-do list application. You can use GitHub to manage the codebase and collaborate with others. The repository would house the application’s source code, and issues would track bug reports or feature requests. Pull requests would allow collaborators to propose and review changes to the codebase. The project’s README file would include instructions for use and build information.

Summary

In summary, this GitHub beginner guide has equipped you with the fundamental knowledge and practical skills to navigate the world of collaborative software development. From setting up your local environment to leveraging GitHub’s collaborative features, you’re now well-prepared to manage projects efficiently and contribute effectively in a team environment. Embrace the power of GitHub!

Expert Answers

What is the difference between Git and GitHub?

Git is a distributed version control system, while GitHub is a web-based platform that uses Git. Git allows you to manage changes to your code locally, while GitHub provides a centralized repository for collaboration and sharing your projects with others.

How do I create a new repository on GitHub?

Go to the GitHub website, sign in to your account, and click on the “+” button in the top right corner. Select “New repository.” Fill in the necessary details and click “Create repository.”

What is a pull request?

A pull request is a way to propose changes to a project’s codebase. It allows other developers to review and approve your changes before they’re merged into the main code.

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